Question 1

Lysozyme is an enzyme that is able to break down the cell walls of bacteria. Langur monkeys and ruminants (such as cows)  are the only known mammals in which lysozyme functions in the stomach instead of in tears and saliva. The cow/langur enzyme also has five amino acid changes that are not present in other mammals. What is most likely to be true about lysozyme from langurs and cows compared to lysozyme from other mammals?

Accepted Answer

A)   The five amino acids that langurs and cows have in common in their lysozyme were present in the common ancestor of all mammals.
B)   These five amino acid changes somehow make the cow/langur lysozyme resistant to pepsin digestion.
C)   Salivary and tear lysozyme functions best at a higher H+ ion concentration than the cow/langur enzyme.
D)   These five amino acid changes alter the specificity of the enzyme, such that the cow/langur lysozyme attacks viruses instead of bacteria.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 2

The graph below can be used to understand the forces underlying the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. What is a true statement concerning these processes?

Accepted Answer

A)   Edema results from reduction of fluid flow in region A.
B)   Normally, the net amount of fluid flow in region A is less than the net amount of fluid flow in region B.
C)   Sodium ions contribute significantly to the movement of fluid in region B.
D)   In people suffering from severe liver disease or protein starvation, the fluid flow in region B is increased.
E)   Fluid leaves the blood in region A and returns to the blood in region B.F) C) and E)
G) All of the above

Question 3

The principal reason(s)  for why gills were replaced with different types of respiratory organs in terrestrial animals is (are) 
I-tissues and organs are less buoyant in air than in water.
II-countercurrent exchange is not very efficient at maximizing blood oxygenation levels.
III-water diffuses into air through evaporation.

Accepted Answer

A)   I and III
B)   just II
C)   just I
D)   II and III
E)   I, II, and IIIF) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

Question 4

What step in the respiratory process of mammals requires the most energy?

Accepted Answer

A)   exhalation
B)   movement of carbon dioxide into red blood cells
C)   binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
D)   transport of oxygen across the walls of the alveoli
E)   inhalationF)  activity of carbonic anhydrase in the lungsG) B) and C)
H) A) and B) E

Question 5

Refer to the diagram below.  What is the correct order of structures in the electrical excitation pathway that generates a normal heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

A)   2, 5, 1, 4, 6, 3
B)   3, 6, 2, 4, 1, 5
C)   1, 5, 4, 2, 3, 6
D)   1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
E)   3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 1F)  6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 1G) B) and E)
H) B) and D)

Question 6

A mountain climber was rescued after spending 36 hours exposed to the elements on a slope of Mount Everest. Miraculously, the only permanent damage was to his toes, all of which had to be removed. What was the most likely cause of the damage to his toes?

Accepted Answer

A)   metabolic (nitrogenous)  wastes pooling in his feet
B)   increased levels of carbon dioxide in his feet
C)   the inability of his white blood cells to destroy infectious bacteria
D)   blood pooling in the veins in his feet
E)   vasoconstriction of the arteries to his legs and feetF) A) and D)
G) None of the above

Question 7

The liver regulates the concentration in the blood of all of the following EXCEPT _________.

Accepted Answer

A)   steroid hormones
B)   plasma proteins
C)   alcohol and drugs
D)   ammonia
E)   chylomicronsF) D) and E)
G) B) and D)

Question 8

The figure below shows data for three different characteristics of blood vessels (orange, blue and green curves, respectively) . What is correct to conclude from this graph?

Accepted Answer

A)   The exchange of nutrients and respiratory gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid occurs where the blue curve plateaus out on the right.
B)   Blood is propelled at the maximum of the orange curve by forceful closing of the aortic valve.
C)   The orange curve represents the velocity of the blood flowing through each class of blood vessel.
D)   The blue curve represents the average blood pressure in each class of blood vessel.
E)   The green curve represents the total cross-sectional area of each class of blood vessel.F) D) and E)
G) B) and D)

Question 9

Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics three and a half minutes to reach his house. Will this be in time to save Tom (and why) , or will Tom already be dead (and why) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   Tom will be alive since carbon dioxide and water will recombine in his red blood cells to form glucose and oxygen.
B)   Tom will be alive since he had a reserve of about three-quarters of his hemoglobin still bound to oxygen when he started choking.
C)   Tom will be dead since all the hemoglobin in his arterial blood will unload its oxygen during the first pass through the tissues after his last breath.
D)   Tom will be dead due to the lowered pH of his blood.
E)   Tom will be alive since the mitochondria in his muscles will release oxygen into the blood after he stops breathing.F) C) and D)
G) C) and E)

Question 10

Enzymatic digestion of which class of nutrients would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas?

Accepted Answer

A)   lipids
B)   starch
C)   proteins
D)   sucrose
E)   vitaminsF) All of the above
G) A) and B)

Question 11

Tim, who is an avid cyclist, is struck by a car during an organized bike ride. Two of his ribs are broken, puncturing his chest wall on the right side. What will most likely happen to his lungs?

Accepted Answer

A)   His right lung will collapse and his left lung will overinflate.
B)   His left lung will be okay, but his right lung will collapse.
C)   His left lung will be okay, but his right lung will overinflate.
D)   Both lungs will overinflate.
E)   His right lung will overinflate and his left lung will collapse.F)  Both lungs will collapse.G) D) and F)
H) A) and C)

Question 12

During your annual physical, a nurse takes your blood pressure by wrapping a sphygmomanometer cuff around your upper arm, which modulates the flow of blood through your brachial artery. The nurse then enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart. These numbers mean that the

Accepted Answer

A)   diastolic pressure is 115 and the systolic pressure is 70.
B)   pressure in your brachial artery during ventricular contraction is 115, while the pressure during ventricular relaxation is 70.
C)   pressure in your brachial artery during ventricular contraction is 115 while the pressure during atrial contraction is 70.
D)   nurse heard sounds through the stethoscope only when the pressure in your brachial artery was exactly 115 and again when it was exactly 70.
E)   pressure in the ventricles of the heart is 115 when the ventricles are contracting and 70 when the ventricles are relaxing.F) B) and C)
G) A) and B)

Question 13

In 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his record-setting, seven Tour de France titles and banned for life from competitive cycling because of his alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) . One of the PEDs Armstrong was accused of taking is erythropoietin (EPO) . Why would systematic use of this PED give Armstrong an unfair advantage in a bike race?

Accepted Answer

A)   EPO stimulates formation of new capillary beds in skeletal and heart muscle.
B)   EPO stimulates the formation of new alveoli in the lungs.
C)   EPO stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
D)   EPO increases cardiac output by stimulating the ventricles to contract more strongly.
E)   EPO stimulates growth of skeletal muscle tissue.F)  EPO stimulates the production of more mitochondria in cardiac muscle cells.G) A) and B)
H) E) and F)

Question 14

Scientists in Switzerland compared the total surface area of the small intestine in different species of bats. When the calculations were done as if the inner mucosal surface was smooth, the average inner surface area of the intestinal tube was 9.1 cm2 in one species. The mucosal surface area increased to 48 cm2 when the villi were factored in and reached a total of 0.13 m2 after adding in the membrane surface area of the microvilli. Approximately what percent of the total surface area of the small intestine in these bats can be attributed to the membrane surface area of the microvilli?

Accepted Answer

A)   55%
B)   28%
C)   12%
D)   96%
E)   78%F) C) and D)
G) B) and C) D

Question 15

You are taking a lab practical exam, and one station has pins in various internal structures of a bisected heart. You can orient yourself without picking up and examining the exterior of the heart because

Accepted Answer

A)   the width of the external wall of the left ventricle is thicker than all the other chamber walls.
B)   the ascending aorta exits from the right ventricle.
C)   the width of the external wall of the right atrium is thicker than all the other chamber walls.
D)   the width of the external wall of the left atrium is thicker than all the other chamber walls.
E)   the width of the external wall of the right ventricle is thicker than all the other chamber walls.F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

Question 16

What would happen if your SA node and AV node fired at same time?

Accepted Answer

A)   Your blood pressure would increase.
B)   The QRS wave on an ECG would disappear, as it would be masked by the P wave.
C)   The volume of blood leaving the ventricles would decrease.
D)   Blood would be forced back into the atria from the ventricles.
E)   The T wave on an ECG would disappear, as it would be masked by the QRS wave.F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 17

An ambulance is rushing a man to the emergency room with a knife wound. The man was stabbed in the upper-right side of his abdomen and has a large amount of internal bleeding. What vital organ has most likely been damaged by the knife wound?

Accepted Answer

A)   heart
B)   liver
C)   pancreas
D)   stomach
E)   appendixF)  gall bladderG) A) and B)
H) B) and C)

Question 18

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Accepted Answer

A)   skin -> intercostal muscles -> pleural cavity -> parietal pleural membrane -> visceral pleural membrane -> lung tissue
B)   skin -> pleural cavity -> intercostal muscles -> visceral pleural membrane -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue
C)   skin -> intercostal muscles -> parietal pleural membrane -> pleural cavity -> visceral pleural membrane -> lung tissue
D)   skin -> visceral pleural membrane -> intercostal muscles -> pleural cavity -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissue
E)   skin -> intercostal muscles -> visceral pleural membrane -> pleural cavity -> parietal pleural membrane -> lung tissueF) B) and D)
G) All of the above

Question 19

The enzyme _______ has a pH optimum most similar to peak A in the above graph.

Accepted Answer

A)   chymotrypsin
B)   lipase
C)   salivary amylase
D)   pancreatic amylase
E)   trypsinF)  pepsinG) A) and D)
H) A) and F) F

Question 20

2. What can you conclude from this diagram? A)  The fluid in tube AB flows from B to A. B)  Oxygen transfer is more efficient if the fluid in both tubes AB and CD stops moving during gas exchange. C)  The fluid in tube CD flows from D to C. D)  Tube AB represents the flow of blood and tube CD represents the flow of water. E)  The net direction of oxygen diffusion is from tube CD to tube AB." class="answers-bank-image d-inline" rel="preload" > Refer to the above diagram, which depicts gas exchange between water and the blood in a fish gill. The numbers represent percent saturation of O2. What can you conclude from this diagram?

Accepted Answer

A)   The fluid in tube AB flows from B to A.
B)   Oxygen transfer is more efficient if the fluid in both tubes AB and CD stops moving during gas exchange.
C)   The fluid in tube CD flows from D to C.
D)   Tube AB represents the flow of blood and tube CD represents the flow of water.
E)   The net direction of oxygen diffusion is from tube CD to tube AB.F) A) and E)
G) C) and D)

Exam 29: Fueling the Bodys Metabolism

Correct Answer
verified

The graph below can be used to understand the forces underlying the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. What is a true statement concerning these processes?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

What step in the respiratory process of mammals requires the most energy?

Correct Answer
verified
E

Refer to the diagram below. What is the correct order of structures in the electrical excitation pathway that generates a normal heartbeat?

Correct Answer
verified

A mountain climber was rescued after spending 36 hours exposed to the elements on a slope of Mount Everest. Miraculously, the only permanent damage was to his toes, all of which had to be removed. What was the most likely cause of the damage to his toes?

Correct Answer
verified

The liver regulates the concentration in the blood of all of the following EXCEPT _________.

Correct Answer
verified

The figure below shows data for three different characteristics of blood vessels (orange, blue and green curves, respectively) . What is correct to conclude from this graph?

Correct Answer
verified

Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics three and a half minutes to reach his house. Will this be in time to save Tom (and why) , or will Tom already be dead (and why) ?

Correct Answer
verified

Enzymatic digestion of which class of nutrients would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas?

Correct Answer
verified

Tim, who is an avid cyclist, is struck by a car during an organized bike ride. Two of his ribs are broken, puncturing his chest wall on the right side. What will most likely happen to his lungs?

Correct Answer
verified

During your annual physical, a nurse takes your blood pressure by wrapping a sphygmomanometer cuff around your upper arm, which modulates the flow of blood through your brachial artery. The nurse then enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart. These numbers mean that the

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
D

You are taking a lab practical exam, and one station has pins in various internal structures of a bisected heart. You can orient yourself without picking up and examining the exterior of the heart because

Correct Answer
verified

What would happen if your SA node and AV node fired at same time?

Correct Answer
verified

An ambulance is rushing a man to the emergency room with a knife wound. The man was stabbed in the upper-right side of his abdomen and has a large amount of internal bleeding. What vital organ has most likely been damaged by the knife wound?

Correct Answer
verified

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Correct Answer
verified

The enzyme _______ has a pH optimum most similar to peak A in the above graph.

Correct Answer
verified
F

Refer to the above diagram, which depicts gas exchange between water and the blood in a fish gill. The numbers represent percent saturation of O₂. What can you conclude from this diagram?

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 29: Fueling the Bodys Metabolism

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The graph below can be used to understand the forces underlying the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. What is a true statement concerning these processes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What step in the respiratory process of mammals requires the most energy?

Correct AnswerverifiedE

Refer to the diagram below. What is the correct order of structures in the electrical excitation pathway that generates a normal heartbeat?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A mountain climber was rescued after spending 36 hours exposed to the elements on a slope of Mount Everest. Miraculously, the only permanent damage was to his toes, all of which had to be removed. What was the most likely cause of the damage to his toes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The liver regulates the concentration in the blood of all of the following EXCEPT _________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The figure below shows data for three different characteristics of blood vessels (orange, blue and green curves, respectively) . What is correct to conclude from this graph?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics three and a half minutes to reach his house. Will this be in time to save Tom (and why) , or will Tom already be dead (and why) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Enzymatic digestion of which class of nutrients would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Tim, who is an avid cyclist, is struck by a car during an organized bike ride. Two of his ribs are broken, puncturing his chest wall on the right side. What will most likely happen to his lungs?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During your annual physical, a nurse takes your blood pressure by wrapping a sphygmomanometer cuff around your upper arm, which modulates the flow of blood through your brachial artery. The nurse then enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart. These numbers mean that the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedD

You are taking a lab practical exam, and one station has pins in various internal structures of a bisected heart. You can orient yourself without picking up and examining the exterior of the heart because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What would happen if your SA node and AV node fired at same time?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An ambulance is rushing a man to the emergency room with a knife wound. The man was stabbed in the upper-right side of his abdomen and has a large amount of internal bleeding. What vital organ has most likely been damaged by the knife wound?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The enzyme _______ has a pH optimum most similar to peak A in the above graph.

Correct AnswerverifiedF

Refer to the above diagram, which depicts gas exchange between water and the blood in a fish gill. The numbers represent percent saturation of O2. What can you conclude from this diagram?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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E

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D

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F

Refer to the above diagram, which depicts gas exchange between water and the blood in a fish gill. The numbers represent percent saturation of O₂. What can you conclude from this diagram?

Correct Answer
verified