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Exam 2: Cryptographic Tools

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Question 21

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A __________ is to try every possible key on a piece of ciphertext until an intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained.

A) mode of operation
B) hash function
C) cryptanalysis
D) brute-force attack

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Question 22

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The __________ is a pair of keys that have been selected so that if one is used for encryption, the other is used for decryption.

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Question 23

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A _________ protects against an attack in which one party generates a message for another party to sign.

Digital signatures and key management are the two most important applications of __________ encryption.

A __________ processes the input elements continuously, producing output one element at a time.

Public-key cryptography is asymmetric.

If the only form of attack that could be made on an encryption algorithm is brute-force, then the way to counter such attacks would be to __________ .

Some form of protocol is needed for public-key distribution.

A __________ is created by using a secure hash function to generate a hash value for a message and then encrypting the hash code with a private key.

A __________ processes the plaintext input in fixed-size blocks and produces a block of ciphertext of equal size for each plaintext block.

Cryptanalytic attacks try every possible key on a piece of ciphertextuntil an intelligible translation into plaintext is obtained.

In July 1998 the __________ announced that it had broken a DES encryption using a special purpose "DES cracker" machine.

A _________ is a hardware device that sits between servers and storage systems and encrypts all data going from the server to the storage system and decrypts data going in the opposite direction.

An important element in many computer security services andapplications is the use of cryptographic algorithms.

A message authentication code is a small block of data generated by asecret key and appended to a message.

The purpose of a __________ is to produce a "fingerprint" of a file, message, or other block of data.

The two criteria used to validate that a sequence of numbers is random are independence and _________ .

__________ is provided by means of a co-processor board embedded in the tape drive and tape library hardware.

Modes of operation are the alternative techniques that have beendeveloped to increase the security of symmetric block encryption for large sequences of data.

The most important symmetric algorithms, all of which are block ciphers, are the DES, triple DES, and the __________.